An endoscope is a flexible, fibre-optic scope which can be used to investigate the gastrointestinal tract. It has a light source, a video camera and can also be used to remove abnormal growth (polyps) or take biopsies from the gastrointestinal tract.

An endoscope is introduced into the gastrointestinal tract to examine the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. The procedure is performed under local anaesthetic or sedation and may take 10 to 15 minutes. Gastroscopy is safe and has minimal complications.

OGD is recommended for:

1. Recurrent indigestion or heartburn
2. Upper abdominal pain or discomfort
3. Persistent vomiting
4. Difficulty swallowing
5. Passing black stools

The endoscope is introduced via the anus to examine the rectum and colon. The procedure is performed with sedation and requires bowel preparations a day prior. Colonoscopy is usually completed within 30 minutes, it is safe and the most serious complication is perforation (tear) which occurs in 1 in 1000 patients.

Colonoscopy is recommended for:

1. Bleeding or blood in the stool
2. Change in bowel habits
3. Abdominal pain or discomfort
4. Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
5. Screening for all patients> 50years